Autism

AUTISM DSM DEFINITION

Autism is defined in section 299.00 of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) as:

A total of six (or more) items from (1), (2) and (3), with at least two from (1), and one each from (2) and (3):
1. qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:
  1. marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction
  2. failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level
  3. a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people (e.g., by a lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest)
  4. lack of social or emotional reciprocity
2. qualitative impairments in communication as manifested by at least one of the following:
  1. delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language (not accompanied by an attempt to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as gesture or mime)
  2. in individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others
  3. stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language
  4. lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to developmental level
3. restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following:
  1. encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus
  2. apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals
  3. stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body movements)
  4. persistent preoccupation with parts of objects
Delays or abnormal functioning in at least one of the following areas, with onset prior to age 3 years:
1. social interaction
2. language as used in social communication
3. symbolic or imaginative play.
The disturbance is not better accounted for by Rett's Disorder or Childhood Disintegrative Disorder.

These are rules of thumb and may not necessarily apply to all diagnosed autistics.

INDEX

1 Terminology
2 History
3 Characteristics
    Key Behaviors
    Noted behaviors
    Social development
    Sensory system
    Autism and blindness
    Communication difficulties
    Repetitive behaviors
    Effects in education
4 DSM definition
5 Types of autism
    Asperger's and Kanner's syndrome
    Autism as a spectrum disorder
6 Epidemiology
7 Treatment
8 Causes
    Physiology and Neurology
    Genetic Component
9 Sociology
    Community and politics
    Culture
    Autistic adults
    Terminology
    Autistic savants

References